Agoraphobia (with or without a history of Panic Disorder)

Etiology

Agoraphobia can develop out of simple phobias or it can be a result of extreme trauma, although it is often a result of numerous panic attacks such as those found in panic disorder.

Symptoms

Agoraphobia, like other phobias, is made up of extreme anxiety and fear. Different from other phobias, however, is the generalization which occurs. Agoraphobia is the anxiety about being in places where escape might be difficult or embarrassing or in which help may not be available should a panic attack develop. It can be sub diagnosed as either ‘with’ or ‘without’ panic disorder (see above). Typically situations that invoke anxiety are avoided and in extreme cases, the person may never or rarely leave their home.

Treatment

Treatment may involve anxiety reduction techniques aimed at increasing the control a person feels over his or her anxiety and fears. Other approaches require the individual to work through their anxiety in relation to interpersonal or childhood issues.

Prognosis

Prognosis is good, especially if the individual has some insight into the development of the disorder and if their fears are irrational and there is insight into this.